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GLOSSARY

A

Acute Exposure — A short-term exposure, usually occurring at high concentration.

Acute Health Effect — An effect that develops either immediately or a short term after exposure.

Auto ignition Temperature — The minimum temperature required to initiate or cause self-sustained combustion, in the absence of a spark or flame.

B

Biohazardous Infectious Material — A material that contains organisms and the toxins produced by these organisms that have been shown to cause disease or are believed to cause disease in either humans or animals.

Boiling Point — The temperature at which a liquid changes from a liquid to a gas, at normal atmospheric pressure.

C

Carcinogens — Agents/compounds that may induce cancer in humans.

CAS Registry Number — A number assigned to a material by the Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) to provide a single unique identifier.

Chemical Formula — Sometimes called the molecular formula, indicates the elements that make up a chemical.

Chemical Name — A proper scientific name for the active ingredient of a product.

Chronic Exposure — A long-term exposure, usually occurring at low concentration.

Chronic Health Effect — An effect that appears a long time after exposure.

Coefficient of Oil/Water Distribution — The ratio of the solubility of the chemical in an oil to its solubility in water.

Combustible Liquid — A liquid which has a flash point above 37.8°C.

Compressed Gas — A material that is a gas at normal room temperature (20°C) and pressure but is packaged as a pressurized gas, dissolved gas or gas liquefied by compression or refrigeration.

Condensation — The process of reducing from one form to another denser form such as steam to water.

Controlled Products — Under the Controlled Products Regulation, a controlled product is defined as a material, product or substance that is imported or sold in Canada and meets the criteria for one or more of the following classes:

Class A    Compressed Gas
Class B    Flammable and Combustible Material
Class C    Oxidizing Material
Class D    Poisonous and Infectious Material
Class E    Corrosive Material
Class F     Dangerously Reactive Material

Corrosive Material — A material that can attack (corrode) metals or cause permanent damage to human tissues such as skin and eyes on contact.

Cryogenics — Materials that exist at extremely low temperatures, such as liquid nitrogen.

D

Dangerously Reactive Materials — Materials that may undergo vigorous condensation, decomposition or polymerization. They may react violently under conditions of shock or increase in pressure or temperature. They may also react vigorously with water or water vapor to release a toxic gas.

Decomposition — The breakdown of a substance, often due to heat, decay, or other effect, with the release of other compounds such as vapors or gases that may be flammable or toxic.

Density — The weight of a material in a given volume. It is usually given in grams per milliliter (gm/ml).

Dilution Ventilation — Dilution of contaminated air with uncontaminated air in a general area, room or building for the purposes of health hazard or nuisance control, and/or for heating and cooling.

Dose — Amount of the agent that has entered the body through the various routes of entry.

E

Evaporation Rate — The rate at which a liquid changes to vapor at normal room temperature.

Explosive (Flammable) Limits — The lower explosive (flammable) limit (LEL) is the lowest concentration of vapor in air that will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition. The upper explosive (flammable) limit (fuel) is the highest concentration of vapor in air that will burn or explode upon contact with a source of ignition.

Explosive (Flammable) Range — The range between the lower explosive limit (LEL) and the upper explosive limit (UEL).

Exposure Limits — Established concentrations which, if not exceeded, will not generally cause adverse effects to the worker exposed. Exposure limits differ in name and meaning depending on origin. For example:

The exposure levels for the hazardous chemicals that are included in the Regulation respecting the Control of Exposure to Biological or Chemical Agents — made under the Occupational Health and Safety Act of Ontario, are expressed as follows:
1. TWAEV — Time Weighted Average Exposure Value: The average airborne concentration of a biological or chemical agent to which a worker may be exposed in a workday or a workweek.
2. STEV — Short-Term Exposure Value: The maximum airborne concentration of a chemical or biological agent to which a worker may be exposed in any 15-minute period, provided that the TWAEV is not exceeded.
3. CEV — Ceiling Exposure Value: The maximum airborne concentration of a biological or chemical agent to which a worker may be exposed at any time.
4. SKIN — This notation indicates that direct or airborne contact with the product through the skin, mucous membranes or eyes. Inclusion of this notation is intended to suggest that preventative action be taken against absorption of the agent through these routes of entry.
Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) are exposure guidelines developed by the American Conference of Governmental Hygienists (ACGIH). They have been adopted by several Canadian governments and others as their legal limits. They are expressed as follows:
1. TLV-TWA — Threshold Limit Value — Time Weighted Average: Time-weighted average concentration for a normal eight-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly exposed, day after day, without adverse affect.
2. TLV-STEL — Threshold Limit Value — Short Term Exposure Limit: A 15-minute time-weighted average exposure which should not be exceeded at any time during a workday even if the eight-hour TWA is within the TLV
3. TLV — Exposures at the STEK should not be repeated more than 4 times a day and there should be at least 60 minutes between successive exposures at the STEL.
4. TLV-C —Threshold Limit Value — Ceiling: The concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure.

F

Flammable Limits — See "Explosive Limits"

Flammable Substance — One that will readily catch fire and continue to burn in air if exposed to a source of ignition.

Flammable Aerosol — A material that is packaged in an aerosol container which can release a flammable material.
Flammable Gas — A gas that can readily catch fire and continue to burn.
Flammable Liquid — A material that gives off a vapor that can readily catch fire and continue to burn. A flammable liquid has a flashpoint below 37.8°C.
Flammable Solid — A material that can readily catch fire and continue to burn vigorously and persistently. This may occur from friction, absorbing moisture, from spontaneous chemical change, or by retaining heat from manufacturing or processing.
Reactive Flammable Material — A material that is a dangerous fire risk because it can react readily with air or water.

Flashback — This occurs when a trail of flammable material is ignited by a distant source of ignition. The flame then travels back along the trail of gas, vapor or aerosol to its source.

Flash Point — The lowest temperature of a liquid at which it gives off enough vapor to form an ignitable mixture of vapor and air immediately above the surface of the liquid.

Freezing Point — The temperature at which a liquid becomes a solid, at normal atmospheric pressure.

H

Hazard — the potential for harmful effects.

Hazardous Combustion Products — Chemicals that may be formed when a material burns. These chemicals may be flammable, toxic or have other hazards.

Hazardous Decomposition Products — Formed when a material decomposes (breaks down) because it is unstable, or reacts with materials such as water or oxygen in air.

Hazardous Ingredient — Under the Hazardous Products Act, a chemical must be listed in the Hazardous Ingredients section of an MSDS if:

it meets the criteria for a controlled product;
it is on the ingredient disclosure list;
there is no toxicological information available; or
the supplier has reason to believe it might be hazardous.

Hazardous Polymerization — Polymerization is a process of forming a polymer by combining large numbers of chemical units or monomers into long chains (polyethylene from ethylene or polystyrene from styrene). Uncontrolled polymerization can be extremely hazardous. Some polymerization processes can release considerable heat or can be explosive.

I

Ingestion — Means taking a material into the body by mouth (swallowing).

Inhalation — Means taking a material into the body by breathing it in.

Irritant — Some sort of aggravation of whatever tissue the material comes in contact with.

L

LC50 — The concentration that causes the death of 50% of a group of test animals. The material is inhaled over a set period of time, usually four hours. LC stands for lethal concentration.

LD50 — The weight of material that causes the death of 50% of a group of test animals. It is usually expressed in weight of material per weight of test animal. LD stands for lethal dose.

LEL (Lower Explosive Limit) — See "Explosive Limits."

Local Exhaust Ventilation — Involves the capture of pollutants at the source.

M

Material Causing Immediate and Serious Toxic Effects — Classified under "Poisonous and Infectious Material" as toxic or very toxic based on information such as the LD50 or LC50.

Material Causing Other Toxic Effects — Classified under "Poisonous and Infectious Material" as a material causing toxic effects such as skin or respiratory sensitization, carcinogenicity, etc.

Melting Point — The temperature at which a solid material becomes a liquid.

Mutagen — An agent that affects the genes or cells of the exposed people in such a way that it may cause cancer in the exposed individual or an undesired mutation to occur in some later generation.

N

NA Number — See "UN Number."

O

Odor Threshold — The airborne concentration, usually in parts per million, at which an odor becomes detectable.

Oxidizing Material — Gives up oxygen easily or can readily oxidize other material.

P

Permissible Exposure Limits (PEL) — Legal limits in the U.S.A. set by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA).

pH — a measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a material when dissolved in water.

Polymer — A natural or man-made material formed by combining large numbers of chemical units or monomers into long chains.

Part Per Million (PPM) — Represents the concentration of gases or vapor in air. For example, 1 ppm of a gas means that 1 unit of the gas is present for every 1 million units of air.

S

Sensitization — The development, over time, of an allergic reaction to a chemical.

Solubility -The ability of a material to dissolve in water or another liquid.

Stability — The ability of a material to remain unchanged in the presence of heat, moisture or air.

T

Teratogen — Agents or compounds that a pregnant woman takes into her body that generates defects in the fetus.

TLV — See "Exposure Limits."

Toxicity — Ability of a substance to cause harmful effects.

TWA — See "Exposure Limits."

U

UEL (Upper Explosive Limits) — See "Explosive Limits".

UN Number — A four digit number assigned to a potentially hazardous material or class of materials. UN (United Nations) numbers are internationally recognized and are used by firefighters and other emergency response personnel for identification of materials during transportation emergencies. NA (North American) numbers are assigned by Transport Canada and the U.S. Department of Transport to materials they consider hazardous and to which a UN number has not been assigned.

V

Vapor — A gaseous form of a material which is normally solid or liquid at room temperature and pressure.

Vapor Density — The density of a vapor compared to the density of an equal amount of air.

Vapor Pressure — The pressure of a vapor in equilibrium with its liquid or solid form.

W

WHMIS Toxicity Categories — The adverse (acute) effects resulting from a single dose of or exposure to a material. Ordinarily used to denote effects observed in experimental animals. WHMIS categorizes chemicals as "toxic" or "very toxic."

APPENDIX A

(SAFETY PRACTICES AND PROCEDURES)

A. Preface

Appendix A was compiled to help DHSS in its efforts toward achieving voluntary compliance with AKOSH standards.

The appendix covers many General Industry Safety and Health Standards. It also contains some specific standards that are unique to DHSS operations (i. e., training for those who work with combative clients, extreme weather travel policy). Further, it must be remembered that these are minimum requirements.

B. Accident Prevention Program

An employer must adopt and maintain an accident prevention program.
As part of this program, a code of safe practices and procedures shall be developed and adopted. This code will apply to the operations being performed at the job site and will be posted in a conspicuous location.
Supervisory personnel shall be involved in the accident prevention program.

C. Accident Record Keeping Requirements (OSHA 300a Log)

Each employer shall maintain in its establishment a log and summary (OSHA Form No. 300a) of all recordable injuries and illnesses (resulting in a fatality, hospitalization, lost workdays, medical treatment, job transfer or termination, or loss of consciousness) for that establishment, and enter each recordable event no later than six working days after receiving the information.
All DHSS locations with 10 or more employees are required to keep a separate OSHA 300a log. This log can be obtained from the EEO Service Office, 240 Main Street, Suite 501, Juneau, AK 99801-1230. They can fax it or send a PDF of it.
Each employer shall post an annual summary of occupational injuries and illnesses for each establishment, compiled from the collected Form 300a, and including the year's totals, calendar year covered, company name, establishment, name and address, certification signature title, and date. A Form OSHA No. 300a shall be used in presenting the summary. The summary shall be posted by February 1 (of each year), and shall remain in place until April 31st. It must be archived on site.
The EEO Services office at EEO Service Office, 240 Main Street, Suite 501, Juneau, AK 99801-1230 maintains the 300a log master files and they are required to send them to work locations for posting by February 1st.

D. Aisles and Passageways

Where mechanical handling equipment is used, sufficient safe clearance shall be allowed for aisles at loading docks, through doorways, and whenever turns or passage must be made.
Aisles and passageways shall be kept clear and in good repair with no obstructions across or in aisles that could create hazards.
Permanent aisles and passageways shall be appropriately marked.
Covers and guardrails shall be provided to protect personnel from the hazards of open pits, tanks, vats, ditches, etc.

E. Asbestos

To help reduce worker exposure to airborne fibers, asbestos must be handled, mixed, applied, removed, and cut in a wet state. This "wet" method must also be used when products containing asbestos are removed from bags, cartons and containers. If this is not possible, removal must be done in an enclosed or well-ventilated area.
Respirators must be used (1) while feasible engineering and work practice controls are being installed or implemented; (2) during maintenance and repair activities or other activities where work practice controls are not feasible; (3) if feasible engineering and work practice controls are insufficient to reduce employee exposure; and (4) in emergencies.

F. Back Safety Training

A study of DHSS workers' compensation claims for FY06 was conducted. Injuries to backs caused by lifting accounted for approximately 10% of all injuries. However, the cost of these back injuries averaged over $22,000 per incident. This was four times higher than any other accident type. Many DHSS employees must lift objects, patients, etc., during the course of their employment. Divisions are strongly encouraged to implement preventative back injury programs which educate employees on proper lifting techniques. Workplace redesign and mechanical lifting devices can, at times, help reduce the risk of back injury.

G. Caution-Abnormal Condition Tag

At times, equipment of various kinds will break down and become inoperable or only marginally operable. This can create an unsafe situation for a fellow employee who may use the equipment without knowing of its defects. For instance, say a maintenance worker at a DHSS residential facility has used a portable saw which has had a loose saw blade. Rather than placing a Caution-Abnormal Condition Tag on the equipment prior to it being repaired the employee just returns the saw to the equipment room. This obviously could put the safety of the next person who uses the equipment in jeopardy. These tags provide warning information to others while equipment is being repaired.

H. Chemical Hygiene Plan

All DHSS laboratories must develop and maintain chemical hygiene plans which contain the following components:

(a) Basic rules and procedures;
(b) Chemical procurement, distribution and storage;
(c) Environmental monitoring;
(d) Housekeeping, maintenance and inspections;
(e) Medical program;
(f) Personal protective apparel and equipment;
(g) Records;
(h) Signs and labels;
(i) Spills and accidents;
(j) Training and information;
(k) Waste disposal.

I. Combative Clients, Guidelines for Handling (Office)

Reschedule services with or ask clients to leave the office if they are obviously intoxicated, disruptive or incapable of conducting business.
Give verbally abusive individuals one warning and opportunity to stop. If this doesn't correct the problem, a supervisor or designee will be contacted for further action.
DO’s for dealing with verbally abusive individuals:
- Do use a calm, controlled, and evenly-toned voice. If you raise your voice or become argumentative, you defeat your purpose and may lose control of or escalate the situation.
- Do be repetitive in the point you are trying to verbalize. If you repeat the sentence over and over again in an assertive but calm tone an individual will usually lose interest in continuing verbally aggressive activity.
- Do leave a silent break in between repetitive statements. Once the other party realizes that anger is futile and having no effect, he or she will usually calm down.
- If available and there is no threat of physical violence, find a vacant room or area to meet with an irate client Moving an upset individual away from an audience may help defuse the situation. Ensure that another employee has been notified to stand by in case the situation escalates.
- Repeated incidents of verbal abuse by the same individual should be documented and reported to an appropriate supervisor.
DON’T’S when dealing with verbally abusive individuals:
- Don't follow an irate client. Some individuals will want privacy and a little room to cool off.
- Don't involve co-workers in a verbally hostile situation. This will usually escalate the problem.
- Don't send an irate client in to see a supervisor or co-worker unannounced. Let co-workers and supervisors know about the situation to allow for preparation and a cooling off period.
- Don't engage in an argument or bait an irate individual. This could escalate a verbal situation into a physical one.
- Dealing with physical assault
- Supervisors are encouraged to schedule annual training relating to crisis diffusion and management.

J. Combative Clients, How To Deal With On Home Visits

It is a very common occurrence for DFYS, DPA, DPH and other department employees to conduct business in the homes of clients. This usually has the tendency of putting the client at ease. However, for clients with an aggressive nature, they may feel more comfortable committing a violent act while in their own homes as opposed to a public place. The purpose of this section is to establish procedures of conduct for those who must perform home visits and to give employees the tools to deal more effectively with potentially violent clients. The safety of DHSS employees will depend on their abilities to become proficient in the following areas:

(a) Assessment
The staff member first needs to gain as much information concerning the client and the client's home environment as possible. A thorough review of the client's file is critical. File notes can often indicate if a person has exhibited aggressive behavior on past occasions. Discussions with other staff members concerning a client's background and present environment can often be helpful. It is worth the time and effort to find out what kind of situation a person may be entering. Special precautions should be considered when a worker is making an initial contact with an allegedly abusing parent, when a child is likely to be removed or arrested, when a parent is likely under the influence of alcohol or drugs and any other known high risk situation. These procedures should include:
1. (i) "Buddy System" for home visits. A fellow staff member should accompany the primary caseworker whenever possible when there are known potential hazards.
2. (ii) If there is a circumstance where department business has to be carried out with an individual who has been convicted of a weapon offense, or who is known to have exhibited past violent behavior, then police assistance will be necessary. At the local level, written agreements between the DHSS location and law enforcement agencies should describe in detail how and when workers are to call for emergency assistance or back-up.
3. (iii) When police assistance does not occur, the use of portable radio/walkie-talkies or cellular phones can keep staff in close touch with assistance if it should become necessary.
4. (iv) When selecting a time to meet, it is generally recommended that home visits be scheduled in the morning. There is a greater chance of the client being home, less chance of disrupting the client's plans for the day and less time for extraneous others (friends, neighbors, etc.) to gather.
From a procedural standpoint, it is far superior to error on the safe side. A staff member needs to do his/her homework regarding the clients’ history and ensure that the proper back-up support is in place if necessary
Once inside a client's home there are certain things for a caseworker to remember. Personal space is a key issue. The invasion of an individual's personal space can trigger an aggressive response. This is especially true during home visits since staff is entering the client's "turf' or "territory." The following apply to personal space:
1. (v) Intimate distance is 6 to 18 inches.
2. (vi) Personal distance is 2 to 4 feet around a person.
3. (vii) Social distance is 4 to 12 feet
4. (viii) Public distance is 12 feet and beyond.
If a person goes into a situation in which he or she feels that hostility could occur, it is a good idea to perform a brief initial survey once in the house. While performing this inspection it is important to stay near the door. Assess the situation for objects that could become dangerous weapons: brooms, lamps, tables, chairs, canes, pool cues, etc. It is a good idea to keep a clipboard or similar object in hand to deflect sudden oncoming weapons. An employee should know the quickest and safest route to the door and maintain an easy route of escape.
The worker's ability to assess the client's non-verbal cues can help him/her understand the current emotional state of the client. Recognition of the following signs can be helpful in determining the level of the perceived threat:

K. Skeletal Muscular System

General tightening of body muscle;
Jaw and fist clenching;
Rapid head movement;
Rapid eye movement;
Facial contortions;
Tics.

L. Respiratory and Circulatory Systems

Rapid or shallow breathing;
Excessive perspiration;
Presence of red spots;
Hand wringing.

M. Language Patterns

Rapid or slow speech;
Use of profanity;
Incomplete sentences;
Repeating self;
Verbal threats;
Inappropriate voice tone;
Not making sense.

N. Thought Patterns

Linear thinking;
Excessive thoughts (not being able to concentrate);
Circular thought patterns (blaming you or others for problems;
Blaming self;
Sense of hopelessness.

The use of firearms by DHSS staff personnel is prohibited. Divisions who have staff working in areas such as welfare fraud investigations, juvenile corrections or family services should perform assessments to determine if they are properly protecting the personal safety of their employees.

O. De-escalation Techniques

Because of the potential conflict producing nature of the work DHSS staff must perform, it is essential that these employees possess the appropriate verbal skills to defuse problem situations. Following are two excellent techniques which can be used:

Empathy
Empathy is the ability to share in another's emotions or feelings. This can be done by utilizing the following techniques:
1. Allow the individual the opportunity to "get it off their chest."
2. Identify the person's emotion.
3. Use "paraphrasing" to help demonstrate a professional concern.
  The format for utilizing this technique is:
  "You feel _________, because __________________________”
  (emotion) (paraphrase what was expressed)
  EXAMPLE Staff to client, "You feel angry because it was found that you are no longer eligible for food stamps."
Listening Skills
The development of sound listening skills can help diffuse a client's anger. Some suggestions for improving listening skills include:
1. Try to understand the other person's point of view;
2. Don't be judgmental;
3. Clarify other party's distortions;
4. Avoid temptation to be competitive;
  1. Discover points of agreement;
  2. Control your ego;
  3. Observe other person's non-verbal communications.

P. Combative Clients, Training For Those Who Work With

A study of workers' compensation claims indicated that many DHSS work-related injuries occurred to staff who were dealing with combative clients. All staff who work directly with clients in DHSS residential facilities should have initial training on dealing with combative clients as part of their new hire orientations. Thereafter, residential treatment staff will be required to participate in extensive training in this area at least once every other year. Training facilitation can be performed by in-house staff or outside contractors

The training course must contain at a minimum the following elements:
1. The identification of warning signs and triggers that may be indicative of impending aggression;
2. The importance of body language and body positioning. Understanding non-verbal clues;
3. Alteration of client's physical setting;
4. Dealing effectively with the emotional person;
5. The role of staff in the prevention of acting-cut behavior;
6. Verbal intervention techniques;
7. Personal safety (physical) techniques;
8. Team intervention strategies.
Dealing with potentially combative clients is a concern that extends to many other DHSS employees who don't work in residential facilities. Divisions are encouraged to provide training in this area to their employees.

Q. Compressed Air, Use Of

Compressed air used for cleaning purposes shall not exceed 30 psi static pressure and then only with effective chip guarding and personal protective equipment.

R. Drains for Flammable and Combustible Liquids

Emergency drainage systems shall be provided to direct flammable liquid leakage and fire protection water to a safe location.
Emergency drainage systems for flammable liquids, if connected to public sewers or discharged into public waterways, shall be equipped with traps or separators.

S. Drinking Water

Potable water shall be provided for purposes of drinking, preparation of foods and cooking. Only potable water shall be used in kitchens, food preparation and personal service rooms except nonpotable water may be used for the flushing of water closets and urinals.
Potable drinking water dispensers shall be designed, constructed, and serviced so that sanitary conditions are maintained, capable of being closed and equipped with a tap. Common drinking utensils are prohibited. Reference 02.106 (b) (1) (D) and (H)

T. Emergency Flushing, Eyes and Body

Where the eyes or body of any person may be exposed to injurious corrosive materials, suitable facilities for quick drenching or flushing of the eyes and body shall be provided within the work area for immediate emergency use.

U. Ergonomics

Ergonomics is the science that seeks to adapt work or working conditions to suit the worker. There are times when changes can be made in a person's work environment that make it healthier or safer. For instance, an office worker may be positioned so that he/she must constantly look down at his/her personal computer screen to operate the equipment. Over a period of time, this causes the tightening of muscles in his/her neck which ends up causing physical discomfort. By lowering the employee's chair eight inches, it causes the employee to be at eye level with his/her personal computer screen. This, in turn, causes less stress on the employee's neck. It demonstrates an example of an ergonomic adjustment. DHSS employees are encouraged to look at ways in which work or working conditions can be adapted to make a healthier workplace.
Since nearly all DHSS employees use video display terminals (i.e., personal computers) to carry out their daily business, it is important that they understand the need to protect themselves. The following serves as a list of important recommendations relating to:
1. Workstation Design
  1. Both the terminal and keyboard should be placed on platforms of adjustable height. The heights of the terminal, keyboard, and chair should be arranged so that the operator's forearms are parallel to the floor when keying.
  2. The distance between the eyes and the screen should be between 18 and 30 inches. The top edge of the terminal should be even with eye level and the screen should be capable of tilting backwards to provide a viewing angle of between 5 and 20 degrees. The character height should be between 1/8 and 3/16 inch high and the character width should be approximately 75% of the character height. The space between words should be about a character width and the space between lines should range from 1/2 to 1 and 1/2 the character height.
  3. The object in proper keyboard design is to keep the hands and arms in a straight line. The most basic requirement of a keyboard is that it should be detachable so that its placement for height and angle can be adjusted by the operator. The slope of the keys should be between 5 and 25 degrees.
  4. Padded wrist rests help provide support necessary to keep wrists straight during keying. They are also available for those who perform extensive 10-key work.
  5. Chairs should be adjustable for height. The backrest should provide support for the lower back.
  6. Inappropriate office lighting is probably the most widespread environmental problem of personal computer users. Lighting levels for VDT work must be substantially lower than for tasks using printed materials. Illumination is measured in units called lux, or foot-candles.
    While the lighting in offices is usually 750 lux and higher, the lighting level where VDTs are used should be in a range of 200-500 lux and should be toward the lower limit if intensive screen work is performed. Screens should be placed at a 90-degree angle to windows. They should never be placed with a window directly in front or behind the terminal. Naked overhead fluorescent tubes create harsh glare and reflections on display screens. Light fixtures should be covered to shield the light.

V. Exits

Every building designed for human occupancy shall be provided with exits sufficient to permit prompt escape of occupants in case of emergency.
In hazardous areas, or where occupants may be endangered by the blocking of any single egress due to fire or smoke, there shall be at least two means of egress remote from each other.
Exits and the way of approach and travel from exits shall be maintained so that they are unobstructed and are accessible at all times.
All exits shall discharge directly to the street or other open spaces that provide safe access to a public way.
Exit doors serving more than 50 people, or a hazard area, shall swing in the direction of travel.
Exits shall be marked by readily visible, suitably illuminated exit signs. Exit signs shall be distinctive in color and provide contrast with surroundings. The word "EXIT" shall be of plainly legible letters, not less than six inches high.
Any door, passage or stairway which is neither an exit nor a way of exit access, and which is so located or arranged as to be likely to be mistaken for an exit, shall be identified by a sign reading "Not an Exit" or similar designation.

W. Extreme Weather Travel Policy

The weather conditions in Alaska can often be adverse. On the other hand, our department has many employees who must perform work away from their offices or locations. Never should an employee place his or her personal safety in jeopardy when weather conditions are highly extreme. The following items need to be adhered to:

Travel away from the main office to outlying areas should not occur when temperatures reach -35 Fahrenheit or lower. If temperatures are between 0 and -35 Fahrenheit great caution should be used. It is strongly encouraged that an employee possess a "survival suit” that would protect him/her if he/she should suffer vehicle breakdown. At times, the Public Safety Department will issue travel advisories that may limit air and ground travel. These advisories should be strictly followed.
Each vehicle should contain the proper tire traction devices as would be appropriate for conditions.
Vehicle breakdown under adverse conditions can cause personal injury. Whether an employee uses a state owned or private vehicle, he/she is responsible for:
1. Checking engine oil level and fuel. Adjust as required.
2. Checking cooling system for sufficient water or antifreeze to meet weather conditions.
3. Checking tire inflation, condition and tread depth.
4. Checking and cleaning lighting equipment. After or during a snowstorm, taillights, headlights and braking lights need to have snow cleaned off of them.
Documenting all unusual conditions as soon as practical to supervisor.
Assuring that brakes are in good working order.

X. Eye and Face Protection

Protective eye and face equipment shall be required where there is a reasonable probability of injury that can be prevented by such equipment.
Eye and face protection equipment shall be in compliance with ANSI Z87.1‑1968, Practice for Occupational Eye and Face Protection.

Y. Fire Protection

Portable fire extinguishers suitable to the conditions and hazards involved shall be provided and maintained in an effective operating condition.
Portable fire extinguishers shall be conspicuously located and mounted where they will be readily accessible. Extinguishers shall not be obstructed from view.
Portable fire extinguishers shall be given maintenance service at least once a year with a durable tag securely attached to show the maintenance or recharge date. A record shall be maintained of the service.
In storage areas, clearance between sprinkler system deflectors and top storage varies with the type of storage. For combustible material stored over 15 feet but no more than 21 feet high in solid piles, or over 12 feet but no more than 21 feet high in piles that contain horizontal channels, the minimum clearance shall be 36 inches. The minimum clearance for smaller piles or for noncombustible materials shall be 18 inches.
Where the employer has provided portable fire extinguishers for employee use in the workplace, the employer shall also provide an educational program to familiarize employees with the general principles of fire extinguisher use and the hazards involved with incipient stage fire fighting.
The employer may use uniformly spaced stand pipe systems or hose stations connected to a sprinkler system installed for emergency use by employees instead of Class A portable fire extinguishers, provided that such systems provide total coverage of the area to be protected, and that employees are trained at least annually in their use.

Z. First Aid

A first aid kit shall be readily available at the worksite. A first aid kit shall also be located in every vehicle used to transport employees.
People trained in first aid and CPR shall be readily available if a workplace is not reasonably accessible in terms of time and distance to infirmary, clinic, hospital or physician.
A first aid kit containing approved materials shall be readily available at the worksite. The contents of the first aid kit shall be checked by the employer before being sent out on each job to ensure that the expended items are replaced.
Isolated worksites must have an oral means of communication with the nearest town or settlement where medical care is obtainable.
Emergency telephone numbers must be conspicuously posted.

A1. Flammable Liquids

Flammable liquids shall be kept in covered containers when not actually in use.
The quantity of flammable or combustible liquid that may be located outside of an inside storage room or storage cabinet in any one fire area of a building shall not exceed:
1. 25 gallons of Class LA liquids in containers;
2. 120 gallons of Class IB 1C, II, or HI liquids in containers;
3. 660 gallons of Class IB, 1C, n, or HI liquids in a single, portable tank.
Inside storage rooms for flammable and combustible liquids shall be of fire-resistive construction; have self-closing fire doors at all openings; four-inch sills or depressed floors; a ventilation system that provides at least six air changes within the room per hour; and in areas used for storage of Class I liquids, electrical wiring approved for use in hazardous locations.
Gasoline is not to be used for cleaning purposes.
Adequate precautions shall be taken to prevent the ignition of flammable vapors. Sources of ignition include but are not limited to open flames, lighting, smoking, cutting, and welding, hot surfaces, frictional heat, static, electrical, and mechanical sparks, spontaneous ignition, including heat-producing chemical reactions, and radiant heat.

B1. Floors, General Conditions

All floor surfaces shall be kept clean, dry, and free from protruding nails, splinters, loose boards, holes, or projections.
Where wet processes are used, drainage shall be maintained, and false floors, platforms, mats, or other dry standing places should be provided where practicable.

C1. Floor Openings

Every floor hole into which people can accidentally walk shall be guarded by either a standard railing with standard toe board on all exposed sides, or a floor hole cover that should be hinged in place. While the cover is not in place, the floor hole shall be attended or shall be protected by a removable standard railing.

Each employer shall be responsible for the safe condition of tools and equipment used by employees, including tools and equipment that may be furnished by employees.
All hand tools shall be kept in safe condition. Handles of tools shall be kept tight in the tool, and wooden handles shall be free of splinters or cracks. Wedges, chisels, etc., shall be free of mushroomed heads. Wrenches shall not be used when sprung to the point that slippage occurs.
The frames of portable electrical tools and equipment, except when U.L. approved double insulated construction, shall be properly grounded.

G1. Hand Protection

Employees must wear hand protection and/or use protective creams and lotions during work that presents potential hazards to the hands.
Hand protection is mandatory for the following exposures:
1. Using harmful corrosive substances and processes.
2. Having a high probability of hand injuries of a crushing nature (materials handling, barrels, cylinders, etc.)
3. Performing regular assembly or disassembly of heavy system components.
4. Using snow blowers.
5. Abnormal wet conditions (rubber gloves).
6. Working with serum in the laboratory. Gloves are also encouraged to be worn when employees work with any type of biological product in the lab or clinic.

H1. Head Protection

Head protection equipment (helmets) shall be worn when there is a possible danger of head injuries from the impact, flying or falling objects, or electrical shock or bums.
Helmets for protection against impact and penetration of falling objects shall meet the requirements of ANSI Z89. 1-1969.

I1. Housekeeping

All places of employment, passageways, storerooms, and service rooms shall be kept clean and orderly and in a sanitary condition.
It takes a continual and concerted effort to maintain good housekeeping in the workplace. The advantages of doing so can contribute greatly to the safety effort. Cluttered and messy environments cause numerous tripping hazards and reflect poorly upon the organization.

J1. Ladders, Fixed

All fixed ladders shall be designed for a minimum concentrated live load of 200 pounds.
All rungs shall have a minimum diameter of 3/4 inch, if metal, or if the ladder is constructed of metal rungs embedded in concrete and exposed to a corrosive atmosphere, the rungs shall have a minimum diameter of 1-1/8 inch. All rungs shall be spaced uniformly, not more than twelve inches apart, and shall have a minimum clear length of 16 inches.
Metal ladders shall be painted or treated to resist corrosion or rusting when the location demands.
Cages, wells or ladder safety devices for ladders affixed to towers, water tanks, or chimneys shall be provided on all ladders more than 20 feet long. Landing platforms shall be provided each 30 feet of length, except where no cage is provided, landing platforms shall be provided for every 20 feet of length.

K1. Ladders, Portable

The maximum length for portable wood ladders shall be:
1. Step ladders — 20 feet;
2. Single straight ladders — 30 feet;
3. Two section extension ladders — 60 feet;
4. Sectional ladders — 60 feet;
5. Trestle ladders — 20 feet;
6. Painter's step ladders — 12 feet;
7. Mason's ladders — 40 feet.
The maximum length for portable metal ladders shall be:
1. Single straight ladders — 30 feet
2. Two section extension ladders — 48 feet
3. Over two section extension ladders — 60 feet
4. Step ladders — 20 feet
5. Trestle ladders — 20 feet
6. Platform step ladders — 20 feet
Step ladders shall be equipped with a metal spreader or locking device of sufficient size and strength to securely hold the front and back sections in open position.
Ladders shall be maintained in good condition and defective ladders shall be withdrawn from service.
Employees must use the proper ladder for the job. Every year there are state employees who are seriously injured because they use improper ladders. Office employees have, at times, tried to climb up on wheeled chairs in order to reach for items. This practice has resulted in injuries.

L1. Lighting

All places of employment shall be provided natural or artificial illumination in accordance with the American National Standard Practice for Industrial Lighting (RP-7, A 11.1-1973 and with the Practice of Office Lighting DES RP-1, ANSI 1321-1973 as applicable).
Every employee shall be responsible to see that his/her own desk and work area is clean and orderly. Pick up items such as pencils or paper clips. Good housekeeping is the key to a safe office environment.
Keep an eye for loose or threadbare floor coverings.
Be extra cautious when you come up to a door that can be opened in your direction. Take it easy when pushing open such a door and slow down when coming to a "blind" comer.
Haste when walking between desks can result in bruises and falls. Keep electrical cords out of aisle ways.
All file, desk and table drawers shall be kept closed when not in use. As soon as you leave them, close them. Never open more than one file drawer at a time.
Overloading the top drawer of unsecured file cabinets has caused many injuries. If unfamiliar with file cabinets, test the drawers and be careful not to pull them out to full extension. There may be no locking-in device on older models.
Office tables, desks and chairs must be maintained in good condition and free from sharp corners, projecting edges, wobbly legs, etc.
Tilting chairs can be hazardous when improperly used and care should be taken to assure that they are in good working condition.
Never use chairs, desks, or other office furniture as a makeshift ladder. Always use a step ladder. Don't overreach and lose your balance.
Keep the blades of paper cutters closed when not in use.
Scissors, paper cutters and similar office devices can easily cause minor, but painful injuries. Report such injuries at once and take precautions to avoid infection.
Paper can cut and it hurts. Use a sponge or other wetting devices for envelopes.
Be sure all electrical equipment is grounded and the cord is in good condition. If a machine gives you a shock, unplug it and report the defective device immediately to the office manager.

M1. Personal Protective Equipment

Proper personal protective equipment, including shields and barriers, shall be provided, used and maintained in a sanitary and reliable condition where there is a hazard from processes or environment that may cause injury or illness to the employee.
Where employees furnish their own personal protective equipment, the employer shall be responsible to assure its adequacy and to ensure that the equipment is properly maintained and in a sanitary condition.

N1. Radiation

There are some key definitions relating to radiation exposure which include:
1. Radiation — Includes alpha rays, beta rays, gamma rays, X-rays, neutrons, high speed electrons, high speed protons, and other atomic particles. Does not include sound or radio waves, or visible light, or infrared or ultraviolet light.
2. Restricted area — Any access to which is controlled by the employer for purposes of protection of individuals from exposure to radiation or radioactive materials.
3. Dose — Quantity of ionizing radiation absorbed, per unit of mass by the body.
4. Radiation area — Any area accessible to personnel, in which there exists radiation at such levels that a major portion of the body could receive in any one hour a dose in excess of five millirem or in any five consecutive days a dose in excess of 100 millirem.
Employers shall be responsible for proper controls to prevent any employee from being exposed to ionizing radiation in excess of acceptable limits.
Each radiation area shall be conspicuously posted with appropriate signs.
Every employer shall maintain records of the radiation exposure of all employees for whom personnel monitoring is required and notify employees of their exposure status on at least an annual basis.
Radiation exposure records should be kept for a minimum of thirty years.

O1. Railings

A standard railing shall consist of top rail, intermediate rail and posts, and shall have a vertical height of 42 inches from upper surface of top rail to floor, platform, etc.
A railing for open-sided floors, platforms and runways shall have a toe board whenever beneath the open side, where people can pass, where there is moving machinery, or there is equipment with which failing materials could cause a hazard.
Railings shall be of such construction that the complete structure shall be capable of withstanding a load of at least 200 pounds in any direction on any point on the top rail.
A stair railing shall be of construction similar to a standard railing, but the vertical height shall be no more than 34 inches nor less than 30 inches from upper surface of the top rail to surface of tread in line with face of riser at forward edge of tread.

P1. Respiratory Protection

Suitable respirators selected on the basis of the hazard to which the worker is exposed shall be provided by the employer as necessary to protect the health of the workers.
The employer shall establish and maintain a written respiratory program. The program shall be regularly evaluated to determine its continued effectiveness.
Both the supervisors and the workers shall be properly instructed in the selection, use, and maintenance of respirators.
Respirators shall be regularly cleaned and disinfected, and shall be inspected during cleaning. Deteriorating parts shall be replaced. Respirators for emergency use shall be inspected at least once a month and after each use. When not in use, respirators shall be stored in a convenient, clean and sanitary location.
Individuals shall not be assigned to tasks requiring use of respirators unless it has been determined that they are physically able to perform the work and use the equipment.
Respirators shall not be worn when conditions prevent a mask-to-skin seal. Conditions that could prevent a mask-to-skin seal may be the growth of a beard, sideburns, a skull cap that projects under the face piece, or temple pieces on glasses.

Q1. Safety Markings

The purpose of this section is to provide instructions for the uniform marking of physical hazards.
Pipe Line Identification Bands
1. Lines containing liquids or gases other than corrosive or toxic materials should be identified by the use of an aluminum band with black lettering on black lines, or by a black band with aluminum lettering on aluminum lines.
2. Lines containing CORROSIVE OR TOXIC materials should be identified by a yellow band with black lettering.
Colors
1. RED — shall be the color for:
  1. Fire protection equipment and apparatus.
  2. Safety cans or other portable containers of flammable liquids shall be painted red with additional clearly visible identification in the form of a yellow band around can or name of contents in yellow.
  3. RED lights shall be provided at barricades and at temporary obstructions, as specified in ANSI Safety Code for Building Construction, A-10.2. Danger signs shall be painted red.
2. ORANGE — Orange shall be used as the basic color for designating dangerous parts of machines, machine guards, or energized equipment.
3. YELLOW — Yellow shall be the basic color for designating caution, for marking stationary objects that would present tripping or striking hazards. Solid yellow, yellow with black stripes, yellow and black checkers, or yellow with suitable contrasting background should be used interchangeably, using the combination that will attract the most attention in a given environment.
4. GREEN — Green shall be used as the basic color for designating "safety" and the location of first aid or safety related equipment.
5. BLUE — Blue shall designate caution, limited to warning against the starting, the use of or the movement of equipment under repair or being worked on.
6. BLACK and WHITE — Black, white or a combination of black and white shall be used for traffic and housekeeping.
7. (g) PURPLE — Purple shall designate radiation hazards. Yellow should be used in combination with purple for markers such as tags, labels, signs, and floor markers.

R1. Saws, Radial (Woodworking)

Radial saws shall be constructed so that the upper hood shall completely enclose the upper portion of the blade down to a point that will include the end of the saw arbor. The upper hood shall be constructed in such a manner and of such material that it will protect the operator from flying splinters, broken saw teeth, etc., and will deflect sawdust away from the operator. The sides of the lower exposed portion of the blade shall be guarded to the full diameter of the blade by a device that will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of the stock and remain in contact with stock being cut to give maximum protection possible for the operation being performed.
Radial saws used for ripping shall have non-kickback fingers or dogs.
Radial saws shall be installed so that the cutting head will return to the starting position when released by the operator.
An adjustable stop shall be provided to prevent the forward travel of the blade beyond the position necessary to complete the cut in repetitive operations.

S1. Saws, Swing or Sliding Cut-Off (Woodworking)

All swing or sliding cut-off saws shall be provided with a hood that will completely enclose the upper half of the saw.
Limit stops shall be provided to prevent swing or sliding type cut-off saws from extending beyond the front or back edges of the table.
Each swing or sliding cut-off saw shall be provided with an effective device to return the saw automatically to the back of the table when released at any point of its travel
Inverted sawing or sliding cut-off saws shall be provided with a hood that will cover the part of the saw that protrudes above the top of the table or material to be cut.

T1. Saws, Table (Woodworking)

Circular table saws shall have a hood over the portion of the saw above the table, so mounted that the hood will automatically adjust itself to the thickness of and remain in contact with the material being cut.
Circular table saws shall have a spreader aligned with the blade, spaced no more than 1/2 inch behind the largest blade mounted in the saw.
Circular table saws used for ripping shall have non-kickback fingers or dogs.
Feed rolls and blades 01 self-feed circular saws shall be protected by a hood or guard to prevent the hands of the operator from coming in contact with the in-running rolls at any point.

U1. Scaffolds

All scaffolds and their supports shall be capable of supporting the load they are designed to carry with a factor of at least four.
All planking shall be Scaffold Grade, as recognized by grading rules for the species of wood used. The maximum permissible spans for 2 x 9 inch or wider planks are shown in the following table:
The maximum permissible span for 1 1/4 x 9 inch or wider plank of full thickness is four feet, with medium loading of 50 psf.
Scaffold planks shall extend over their end supports not less than six inches nor more than 12 inches.
Scaffold planking shall be overlapped a minimum of 12 inches or secured from movement.
Divisions using scaffolding should designate in a written plan the type of scaffolding being used on this project and the designated competent person who will perform scaffolding inspections.

V1. Seatbelt Use

All department employees, members of its boards, commissions and offices, and others authorized to operate or ride in motor vehicles in the conduct of State business must comply with the following:
1. Each passenger vehicle owned by the State, on assignment from the State Equipment Fleet, leased by the State, or any privately owned motor vehicle authorized for use on official State business shall be equipped with occupant restraint systems which meet the requirements of the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards.
2. Each vehicle occupant shall properly utilize the complete occupant restraint system provided.
3. Each driver shall assure that approved child safety devices, as required by AS 28.05.095, are utilized when children under the age of four are transported.
4. Each driver shall assure all other vehicle occupants are properly using restraint devices.
Passenger motor vehicles used for State business are defined as passenger cars, vans, trucks or any other passenger vehicles equipped for legal use on highways and roads open to the traveling public. In addition to officially licensed State vehicles, it includes leased vehicles, rental vehicles, and personal vehicles when they are specifically authorized for use in connection with official business.
All employees are encouraged to voluntarily wear safety belts and use approved child safety devices during operation of any motor vehicle for their own private use.

W1. Stairs, Fixed Industrial

Standard railings shall be provided on the open sides of all exposed stairways. Handrails shall be provided on at least one side of closed stairways, preferably on the right side descending. Reference 01.1104 (h).

Stairs shall be constructed so that the rise height and tread width is uniform throughout. Reference 01.1104 (f).

Fixed stairways shall have a minimum width of 22 inches.

Fixed stairways shall be provided for access from one structure to another where operations necessitate regular travel between levels and for access to operating platforms at any equipment that requires attention routinely during operations. Fixed stairs shall also be provided where access to elevations is daily or at each shift where such work may expose employees to harmful substances, or for which purposes the carrying of tools or equipment by hand is normally required. Reference OJL1104 (b)

X1. Stationary Electrical Devices

All stationary electrically powered equipment, tools, and devices, located within reach of a person who can make contact with any grounded surface or object, shall be grounded.

All storage shall be stacked, blocked, interlocked, and limited in height so that it is secure against sliding or collapse.
Storage areas shall be kept free from accumulation of materials that constitute hazards or pest harborage. Vegetation control will be exercised when necessary.
Where mechanical handling equipment is used, sufficient safe clearance shall be allowed for aisles, at loading docks, through doorways, etc.

Y1. Toilets

Every place of employment shall be provided with adequate toilet facilities that are separate for each sex. Water closets shall be provided according to the following: 1–15 persons, one facility; 16–35 persons, two facilities; 36–55 persons, three facilities; 56–80 persons, four facilities; 81–110 persons, five facilities; 111–150 persons, six facilities; over 150 persons, one for each additional 40 persons.

Z1. Toxic Vapors, Gases, Mists and Dusts

Exposure to toxic vapors, gases, mists, or dusts at a concentration above the Threshold Limit Values, contained or referred to in Safety and Health Standards, shall be avoided.
To achieve compliance with paragraph (a), administrative or engineering controls must first be determined and implemented whenever feasible. When such controls are not feasible to achieve full compliance, protective equipment or any other protective measures shall be used to keep the exposure of employees to air contaminants within the limits prescribed. Any equipment and/or technical measures used for this purpose must be approved for each particular use by a competent industrial hygienist or other technically qualified person. Whenever percussion drilling is performed, the drilling apparatus shall be provided with engineering controls that suppress the drilling dust.

A2. Trash

Trash and rubbish shall be collected and removed in such a manner as to avoid creating a menace to health and as often as necessary to maintain good sanitary conditions.

B2. Ventilation

Ventilation for industrial and occupational structures shall be in accordance with the provisions of the Uniform Building Code applicable for the structure and consideration.

C2. Welding

Arc welding equipment shall be chosen for safe application to the work and shall be installed properly. Workers designated to operate welding equipment shall have been properly instructed and qualified to operate it.
Mechanical ventilation shall be provided when welding or cutting.
Proper precautions (isolating welding and cutting, removing fire hazards from the vicinity, providing a fire watch, etc.) for fire prevention shall be taken in areas where welding or other hot work is being done.
Work and electrode lead cables shall be frequently inspected. Cables with damaged insulation or exposed bare conductors shall be replaced.
The welder shall be enclosed in a booth or non-combustible screening with a finish of low reflectivity with respect to visible and ultra-violet radiation.

D2. Welding In Confined Spaces

All welding and cutting operations carried on in confined spaces shall be adequately ventilated to prevent the accumulation of toxic materials or possible oxygen deficiency.
In such circumstances where it is impossible to provide such ventilation, airline respirators or hose masks approved by the U.S. Bureau of Mines for this purpose shall be used.
Where welding operations are carried on in confined spaces and where welders and helpers are provided with hose masks, hose masks with blowers or self-contained breathing equipment, a worker shall be stationed on the outside of such confined space to ensure the safety of those working within.
Oxygen shall never be used for ventilation.

Appendix B

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